Agrati-an Italian company that produces many frame-building parts such as bottom brackets, lugs, and dropouts.

anodized-metal subjected to electrolytic action to coat it with a protective and/or decorative finish.

baking oven-a large structure with variable temperature controls that is used to bake paint finishes on bicycle frames.

balloon tire-a tire 2 or more inches wide with a low pressure capacity.

bearing race-the circle that the balls in bearing cones and cups make as they contact the axle.

Bivalent hub-a Cinelli-designed hub for bicycle wheels. Bivalent hubs permit a quick rear-wheel change since the freewheel remains with the frame-not with the hub. Front and rear wheels are interchangeable. Unfortunately, because of high production costs, Cino Cinelli has withdrawn the hubs from the market.

bottom bracket-a short round tube on a bicycle frame to which the down tube, seat tube, and chainstays have been brazed or welded.

bottom bracket cup-a part of the bottom bracket bearings that screws into the frame's bottom bracket and in which the crank axle's bearings run.

bottom tube (on tandem)-tube connecting the two cranksets.

brazing-a process by which two metal surfaces are joined by means of heating and melting a third substance such as brass or silver.

brazing with pins-the use of "nails" in frame construction to keep the tubes in the proper position in the lugs.

bronze brazing-melting bronze in order to join two metal surfaces that have higher melting temperatures than the bronze.

Brox-French brazing material used in frame building.

butted tubing-catchall term given to all tubes that are either double butted, single butted, or taper gauge.

a. double butted-refers to a tube that is thicker at the ends than in the middle without an increase in its outside diameter.

b. single butted-same as double butted, except only one end is thicker.

c. taper gauge-refers to a tube whose thickness is gradually diminished through highly mechanized industrial operations.

Forks are always either taper gauge or straight gauge; they are never double butted or single butted.

Campi-term used when referring to components made by S.P.A. Brevetti Internazionali Campagnolo.

carbon fiber-a chemical term which refers to a composite of fibers of a pure element, in this case carbon, that are woven and distributed randomly and are bound together to form a strong lightweight material.

cast bottom bracket-a bottom bracket that is formed in a mold and, as a result, does not have a seam.

caster-a word used interchangeably with tail and trail. Caster angle is formed by the intersection of a vertical line drawn through the front fork ends and a line which is parallel to the head tube and is extended to the wheelbase.

cast lug-a bicycle lug that is formed in a mold and, consequently, does not have seams.

Castolin-a brazing material with about 40 percent silver pro duced by the Swiss firm, La Castolin Societe Anonyme of Lausanne.

cast seat lug-seatpost lug molded to precision.

century-100-mile ride.

chainstays-two tubes which go from the bottom bracket to the rear dropouts.

chrome plating-applying a thin coating of chromium on frames or other bicycle parts.

cold setting-aligning frame while it is cold (after brazing).

Columbus-Italian-produced special frame tubing.

cone and locknut-bearing parts that attach to axle on which bearings run around. The nut is screwed down hard on another nut to prevent slacking back.

Continental fork section:-refers to wide oval fork blades.

copper-tacked or coppered-initial step in frame-building procedures in which tubes and lugs are held together by torching copper.

crankarm-rotating portion which holds the pedal.

criterium-a multi-lap road race that is held on a short circuit varying in length from one to ten miles. The criterium course utilizes public roads that are temporarily closed to normal traffic. This race is designed to allow the spectator to see the riders as they pass by each lap.

custom frame-bicycle frame that is built by an artisan to fit the various needs of the individual customer.

cyclo-cross-cross-country race event on special course featuring obstacles.

derailleur-a mechanical device that is bolted to the bicycle frame. Its purpose is to shift (or derail) the chain from one gear to another, allowing variable gear ratios.

down tube-that part of the bicycle frame which connects the bottom of the head tube with the bottom bracket.

drop-forged handlebar stem-stem made from aluminum alloy and forged to shape under high pressure.

dropouts-slots into which the front and rear wheels fit.

ergonomics-biotechnology or the application of biological and engineering data to problems related to man and machine.

faced bottom bracket-edges of the bottom bracket are faced with a special tool to make sure that they are squared.

facing-squaring edges with a special tool.

flash-weld-using heavy electrical current at high speed and frequency to weld tubes.

flat top crown-a fork crown on which the top part is flat.

fork-that part of the bicycle that holds the front wheel in place and is attached to the frame by the headset. The fork assembly includes a fork steering column, a fork crown, fork blades, and the fork dropouts. There are three types: semi-sloping, fully sloping, and flat.

fork blades-curved tubes that connect the fork crown to the front dropouts which hold the front wheel in place.

fork crown-that part of the fork that attaches the fork blades to the fork steering column.

a. stamped or pressed-fork crown which has been cut, bent, and stamped into shape by a die.

b. forged-a fork crown that is produced with the grain of the steel "in line" by heating and hammering with highly refined machines.

c. cast-similar to the cast lugs and the cast bottom bracket, the cast fork crown is formed in a mold and, as a result, does not have a seam.

fork rake-each bicycle fork is bent or curved on the bottom, just before it attaches to the fork dropouts. The fork rake is the amount the tube is bent.

freewheel-a mechanism with one, two, three, four, five, six, or even seven individual sprockets with varying numbers of teeth on each sprocket. The freewheel threads onto the rear hub and, together with the chain and crankset, permits the rider to propel his bicycle. The various number of teeth on the freewheel sprockets determines the gear ratios for a particular bicycle. The name "freewheel" is given to this gear mechanism because it is built to enable the rider to coast when not pedaling, as opposed to a direct-driven mechanism which requires the cyclist to pedal all the time.

front-wheel expander brake-brake with a hub shell and an internal expanding brake shoe.

gear ratio--To calculate a gear ratio, multiply the diameter of the wheel in inches by the number of teeth on the front chain wheel and then divide by the number of teeth on the rear sprocket. For a 10-speed these calculations must be done ten different times; once for each of the different chainwheel/ freewheel sprocket combinations. Gear ratios can also be calculated in meters.

glass beading-cleaning the surface of a metal with tiny glass beads propelled by a jet of compressed air.

Haden blank--an oversize lug manufactured by Haden Brothers, Limited, of Birmingham, England. It is intended for the builder who wishes to file the lug to a final shape that varies from those commercially available.

hanger bracket-another name for bottom bracket.

head angle-refers to the angle which is formed by drawing a straight line through the head tube to the ground.

headset-parts of bearing mechanism in the head tube that secure the fork to the main triangle.

high-wheeler-bicycles of the late 1800s with large-diameter front wheels (approximately 50 inches) and smaller-diameter rear wheels (approximately 17 inches), straight handlebars, and spokes radiating directly from the hub (no crossover);

vehicle was mounted via a small step above the rear wheel.

hot setting-aligning frame while it is still hot.

investment cast lug-mold is made of lug to precision then filled with wax. The wax is melted out, leaving the mold to be filled with the material for the lug.

Italian section fork-a term synonymous with the large, sectioned fork blades.

jig-a metal fixture that firmly holds various frame parts while the builder brazes them together.

lug-metal sleeve that holds the frame tubes at the joints.

lug cutout-designed pattern that is incorporated into the lug.

main triangle-that part of the frame which is made up of the head tube, top tube, seat tube, and the down tube.

mandrel-a spindle or metal bar around which tubes are shaped.

mass start race-any race on either the track or road where the competitors start at the same time.

microfusione-term used in describing investment cast products.

mitered tube-a tube which has been precisely cut so that the entire diameter of the tube sits flush against the tube it butts up against.

Nervex-the brand name of quality lugs, bottom brackets, and fork crowns produced by the French company Ets. Aime Dubois in Yssingeaux, France.

pannier-saddlebag that is mounted on a bicycle by means of a carrier over the rear or front wheel. It is generally constructed of heavy-duty canvas or reinforced nylon.

pinning-drilling holes through tubes and lugs and inserting wire pins or "nails" to hold alignment during brazing.

Pin-striping-decorative paint trimming on tubes.

plain gauge tubing-tubes in which the walls are of uniform thickness.

pressed steel lug-a lug which has been cut, bent, and stamped into shape by a die.

Prugnat-the brand name of quality lugs, bottom brackets, and fork crowns produced by the French company of the same name located in Moret-sur-Loing, France.

pursuit-track race with two competitors (individuals or teams) starting simultaneously on opposite sides of the track and trying to catch one another.

quick-release mechanism-a device used to quickly tighten or loosen a cable, wheel, or seat without the use of any wrenches.

racing frame-a frame designed for performance rather than comfort.

Reynolds tubing-the name of the tubing produced by TI Reynolds, the world's largest manufacturer of quality bicycle tubing.

a. 531DB-tubing made of manganese-molybdenum steel. This designation usually refers to the fact that the entire frame is built with the appropriate butted tubings.

b. 531SL-same as the 531DB except that the gauges are lighter, making the tubing "Special Lightweight."

c. 753-also a manganese-molybdenum steel butted tubing. The tubing wall has been reduced in thickness to make it lighter than the 531SL, yet its composition makes it 50 percent stronger. A frame built with 753 is generally 20 percent lighter than one built with53lSL.

ring-braze-inserting a ring of brass between the tube and the lug when brazing.

Roto-an Italian firm that produces frame-building parts such as fork crowns, lugs, and bottom brackets; especially known for their investment cast products.

saddle angle-the tilt of the saddle as it is positioned on the seatpost.

saddle height-the distance from the top of the saddle to the top of the pedal when it is near the bottom of its rotation as it is in line with the seat tube.

safety bicycle-bicycle with wheels of equal size and with a chain gearing setup so that the wheels go faster than the pedals.

seatstays-two tubes that run from the top of the seat tube to the rear dropouts.

a. fully wrap-seatstays that are attached and wrapped around the front of the seat lug as far as possible. The two ends of the seatstays are then connected by filling the space with braze.

b. semi-wrap)-seatstays are attached to the side of the seat lug.

c. fastback-seatstays that butt up against the seat tube or are attached to the rear of the seat lug.

seat tube-the tube running from the top tube to the down tube.

seat tube angle-the angle formed by the seat tube and the ground.

sew-up tire-a tire in which the inner tube has been stitched inside the tire's casing. This tire is always glued onto the rim.

side-loading-force perpendicular to center line of frame caused by off-center foot pressure on the pedals.

Sifbronze-name used when referring to brazing materials made by Sifbronze, a division of Suffolk Lawn Mowers, Limited, in Suffolk, England.

silver solder-any braze material with a high mixture of silver.

spoke nipple-tip that is inserted through the rim and is threaded onto the spoke.

spot tack-joining the lugs and tubes together by brazing in various spots before a final brazing of the joint. This method is used as a preliminary step in the brazing process since it allows for easy corrections if any misalignment is noted.

standard drawn tubing-tubing accurately sized by drawing over a mandrel.

stove-enamel finish-another name for a baked-on enamel finish.

stress-a force being applied on a frame and the frame's ability to resist it.

Super Vitus-quality butted tubing produced by Ateliers de la Rive in Sainte Chamond, France.

tack brazing-same as spot tacking.

tensile strength-the greatest stress a substance can bear without disintegrating or breaking.

threads-the size and number of threads per inch that appear on a fork column and in the bottom bracket.

a. English-an English fork column has a headset with a 1-inch opening and 24 threads per inch (1" x 24 tpi). An English bottom bracket has cups that are 1.370 inches wide with 24 threads per inch (1.370" x 24 tpi). The adjustable cup has right-handed threads while the fixed cup has left-handed threads. English threaded components are sometimes referred to as having BSC threads.

b. French-a French fork column requires a headset with a 25-mm. opening with 1 thread per millimeter or 25.4 threads per inch (25 mm. x 1.0 mm.). A French bottom bracket has cups that are 35 mm. wide with 25.4 threads per inch (35 mm. x 1.0 mm.). Both the adjustable and the fixed cups have right-handed threads.

c. Italian-an Italian-threaded fork column would require a headset with a 25.4-mm. opening with 24 threads per inch (25.4 mm. x 24 tpi). An Italian bottom bracket has cups that are 36 mm. wide with 24 threads per inch (36 mm. x 24 tpi). Both the adjustable and the fixed cups have right-handed threads.

d. Swiss-same as French threads except the fixed cup on the bottom bracket has left-handed threads.

titanium-a grey, lightweight metal used in frame construction and in the manufacture of high-quality components.

toe clip-metal piece attached to front of pedal which secures the foot, and together with a strap, buckles around the middle of the foot for increased pedaling efficiency.

top eye-small fitting that is inserted and brazed on semi wrapped seatstays.

top tube-the tube on a frame that connects the head tube to the seat tube.

touring frame-frame designed for comfort and stability when laden with touring packs.

tracking-making sure that wheels are both in a direct line and parallel from front to rear.

tubing gauge-the thickness of tubes.

tubular tire-another name for a sew-up tire.

wheelbase-the distance from the center of the bicycle's front wheel to the center of its rear wheel.

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